Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 48, Issue 1 , Pages 60-64 , March 2009

The Effects of Continuous Combined Oral Estradiol and Norethisterone on Pulsatility Index in Internal Carotid and Uterine Arteries in Early Postmenopausal Taiwanese Women—A Preliminary Study

  • Chen-Yu Huang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Chong-Yau Fu

      Affiliations

    • Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health and School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Jen-Yu Tseng

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Tzay-Shing Yang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr Tzay-Shing Yang, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Shih-Pai Road, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Kuan-Chong Chao

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

,Accepted 14 April 2008.

References 

  1. Mosca L , Collins P , Herrington DM , et al.   Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association . Circulation . 2001;104:499–503
  2. Matthews KA , Kuller LH , Sutton-Tyrrell K , Chang YF . Changes in cardiovascular risk factors during the perimeno-pause and postmenopause and carotid artery atherosclerosis in healthy women . Stroke . 2001;32:1104–1111
  3. Stampfer MJ , Colditz GA . Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence . Prev Med . 1991;20:47–63
  4. Sullivan JM , Fowlkes LP . The clinical aspects of estrogen and the cardiovascular system . Obstet Gynecol . 1996;87(2 Suppl):36S–43S
  5. Henderson BE , Paganini-Hill A , Ross RK . Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy . Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:75–78
  6. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study . N Engl J Med . 1991;325:756–762
  7. Bush TL , Barrett-Connor E , Cowan LD , et al.   Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study . Circulation . 1987;75:1102–1109
  8. Barrett-Connor E , Wingard DL , Criqui MH . Postmenopausal estrogen use and heart disease risk factors in the 1980s . JAMA . 1989;261:2095–2100
  9. Matthews KA , Meilahn E , Kuller LH , Kelsey SF , Caggiula AW , Wing RR . Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease . New Engl J Med . 1989;321:641–646
  10. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) . JAMA . 1998;280:605–613
  11. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators  . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . JAMA . 2002;288:321–333
  12. Bourne TH , Hillard TC , Whitehead MI , Crook D , Campbell S . Oestrogens, arterial status and postmenopausal women . Lancet . 1990;335:1470–1471
  13. Gangar KF , Vyas S , Whitehead M , Crook D , Meire H , Campbell S . Pulsatility index in internal carotid artery in relation to transdermal oestradiol and time since menopause . Lancet . 1991;338:839–842
  14. Sendag F , Terek MC , Karadadas N , Bilgin O . Effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on internal carotid artery pulsatility indices in postmenopausal women: a prospective, randomized, comparative study . J Reprod Med . 2001;46:962–968
  15. Battaglia C, Regnani G, Artini PG, Genazzani AR, Primavera MR, Salvatori M, et al. Uterine and cerebral vascularization in postmenopausal women treated with hormone-replacement therapy . Gynecol Endocrinol . 1999;13:223–229
  16. Cacciatore B , Paakkari I , Toivonen J , Tikkanen MJ , Ylikorkala O . Randomized comparison of oral and transdermal hormone replacement on carotid and uterine artery resistance to blood flow . Obstet Gynecol . 1998;92:563–568
  17. Doherty JA , Cushing-Haugen KL , Saltzman BS , et al.   Long-term use of postmenopausal estrogen and progestin hormone therapies and the risk of endometrial cancer . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2007;197:139.e1–139.e7
  18. Pines A , Sturdee DW , Birkhauser MH , Schneider HP , Gambacciani M , Panay N . IMS updated recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy . Climacteric . 2007;10:181–194
  19. Stevenson JC , Crook D , Godsland IF . Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women . Atherosclerosis . 1993;98:83–90
  20. Ylikorkala O , Cacciatore B , Paakkari I , Tikkanen MJ , Viinikka L , Toivonen J . The long-term effects of oral and transdermal postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, and thromboxane . Fertil Steril . 1998;69:883–888
  21. Bonilla-Musoles F , Martí MC , Ballester MJ , Raga F , Osborne NG . Normal uterine arterial blood flow in post-menopausal women assessed by transvaginal color doppler sonography: the effect of hormone replacement therapy . J Ultrasound Med . 1995;14:497–501
  22. Godsland IF . Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974 to 2000 . Fertil Steril . 2001;75:898–915
  23. Luckas MJ, Gleeve T, Biljan MM, Buckett WM, Aird IA, Drakeley A, et al. The effect of progestagens on the carotid artery pulsatility index in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy . Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 1998;76:221–224
  24. Sitruk-Ware R . Progestogens in hormonal replacement therapy: new molecules, risks, and benefits . Menopause . 2002;9:6–15
  25. Rosano GM , Fini M . Postmenopausal women and cardiovascular risk: impact of hormone replacement therapy . Cardiol Rev . 2002;10:51–60
  26. Rosano GM , Fini M . Comparative cardiovascular effects of different progestins in menopause . Int J Fertil Womens Med . 2001;46:248–256
  27. Stefanick ML . Estrogen, progestogens and cardiovascular risk . J Reprod Med . 1999;44:221–226
  28. Clarkson TB . Progestogens and cardiovascular disease: a critical review . J Reprod Med . 1999;44:180–184
  29. Sitruk-Ware R . Progestins and cardiovascular risk markers . Steroids . 2000;65:651–658
  30. Rosano GM , Sarais C , Zoncu S , Mercuro G . The relative effects of progesterone and progestins in hormone replacement therapy . Hum Reprod . 2000;15:60–73
  31. Bain CA , Walters MR , Lees KR , Lumsden MA . The effect of HRT on cerebral haemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in post-menopausal women . Hum Reprod . 2004;19:2411–2414

PII: S1028-4559(09)60037-1

doi: 10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60037-1

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 48, Issue 1 , Pages 60-64 , March 2009

Article Tools