Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 44, Issue 1 , Pages 1-7, March 2005

Congenital Malformations Associated with Maternal Diabetes

  • Chih-Ping Chen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
    • Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
    • Institute of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taichung, Taiwan
    • College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr. Chih-Ping Chen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan

Received 28 January 2005; received in revised form 2 February 2005; accepted 15 February 2005.

Article Outline

Summary

Maternal diabetes has toxic effects on the development of the embryo and significantly increases the risk of congenital malformations in humans. The incidence of fetal structural defects caused by maternal pregestational diabetes is three- to fourfold higher than that caused by non-diabetic pregnancy. The congenital malformations associated with diabetic pregnancy arise before the seventh gestational week. Diabetic embryopathy can affect any developing organ system, including the central nervous system (CNS) (anencephaly, spina bifida, microcephaly, and holoprosencephaly), skeletal system (caudal regression syndrome, sacral agenesis, and limb defects), renal system (renal agenesis, hydronephrosis, and ureteric abnormalities), cardiovascular system (transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, coarctation of the aorta, cardiomyopathy, and single umbilical artery), and gastrointestinal system (duodenal atresia, anorectal atresia, and small left colon syndrome). Pregnant women with fetuses with diabetic embryopathy may have chronic or unrecognized hyperglycemia and elevated levels of glycerated hemoglobin. This review emphasizes the necessity to consider hyperglycemia-induced teratogenesis during genetic counseling of parents with prenatally detected fetal malformations. Successful preconception counseling for women with diabetes mellitus and metabolic control will reduce birth defects and maternal morbidity.

Key Words:  congenital malformations , diabetes mellitus , pregnancy

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PII: S1028-4559(09)60099-1

doi:10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60099-1

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 44, Issue 1 , Pages 1-7, March 2005

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