Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 287-293 , December 2006

Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease

  • Fang-Ping Chen

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr Fang-Ping Chen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 204-1, Taiwan

,Accepted 26 September 2006.

References 

  1. Speroff L . Quality of life issues in the management of the menopause . In:  Popkin D ,  Peddle L editor. Women's Health Today . New York: Parthenon; 1994;p. 271–290
  2. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, Patsch W, Heiss G, Wu KK, et al. Association of hormone replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in post-menopausal women . N Engl J Med . 1993;328:1069–1075
  3. Stampfer MJ , Colditz GA . Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence . Prev Med . 1991;20:47–56
  4. Wolf PH , Madans JH , Finucane FF , Higgins M , Kleinman JC . Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1991;164:489–494
  5. Grady D , Rubin SM , Petitti DB , et al.   Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women . Ann Intern Med . 1992;117:1016–1037
  6. Folsom AR , Mink PJ , Sellers TA , Hong CP , Zheng W , Potter JD . Hormonal replacement therapy and morbidity and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women . Am J Public Health . 1995;85:1128–1132
  7. Grodstein F , Stampfer MJ , Manson JE , et al.   Post-menopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease . N Engl J Med . 1996;335:453–461
  8. Grodstein F , Stampfer MJ , Colditz GA , et al.   Post-menopausal hormone therapy and mortality . N Engl J Med . 1997;336:1769–1775
  9. Grodstein F , Manson JE , Colditz GA , Willett WC , Speizer FE , Stampfer MJ . A prospective, observational study of post-menopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease . Ann Intern Med . 2000;133:933–941
  10. Ferrara A , Quesenberry CP , Karter AJ , Njoroge CW , Jacobson AS , Selby JV . Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanent Diabetes Registry, 1995–1998 . Circulation . 2003;107:43–48
  11. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators  . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . JAMA . 2002;288:321–333
  12. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee  . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . JAMA . 2004;291:1701–1712
  13. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators  . Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease . Arch Intern Med . 2006;166:357–365
  14. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group . JAMA . 1998;280:605–613
  15. Kannel WB , Hjortland MC , McNamara PM , Gordon T . Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study . Ann Intern Med . 1976;85:447–452
  16. Gordon T , Kannel WB , Hjortland MC , McNamara PM . Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham study . Ann Intern Med . 1978;89:157–161
  17. Stevenson JC , Crook D , Godsland IF . Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women . Atherosclerosis . 1993;98:83–90
  18. Armstrong VW , Cremer P , Eberle E . The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis . 1986;62:249–257
  19. Zenker G , Koeltringer P , Bone G . Lipoprotein(a) as a strong indicator for cerebrovascular disease . Stroke . 1986;17:942–945
  20. Hajjar KA , Gavish D , Breslow JL , Nachman RL . Lipoprotein(a) modulation of endothelial cell surface fibrinolysis and its potential role in atherosclerosis . Nature . 1989;339:303–304
  21. Schriewer H , Assman G , Sandkamp M . The relationship of Lp(a) to risk factors of coronary heart disease: initial results of the prospective epidemiological study on company employees in Westfalia . J Clin Chem Clin Biochem . 1984;22:591–596
  22. Bruschi F, Meschia M, Soma MR et al., Lp(a) levels in perimenopausal years: a population study [abstract]. Symposium on Women's Health in Menopause, September 1993, Milan, Italy.
  23. Scarabin PY . Haemostatic variables and arterial thrombotic disease: epidemiological evidence . In:  Seghatchian MJ ,  Samama MM ,  Hecker SP editor. Hypercoagulable States: Fundamental Aspects, Acquired Disorders, and Congenital Thrombophilis . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1996;p. 209–216
  24. Meade TW , Haines AP , Imeson JD , Stirling Y , Thompson SG . Menopausal status and haemostatic variables . Lancet . 1983;1:22–24
  25. Folsom AR , Wu KK , Davis CE , Conlan MG , Sorlie PD , Szklo M . Population correlates of plasma fibrinogen and factor VII: putative cardiovascular risk factors . Atherosclerosis . 1991;91:191–205
  26. Meilahn EN , Kuller LH , Matthews KA , Kiss JE . Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy . Ann Epidemiol . 1992;2:445–455
  27. Allaart CF , Briet E . Familial venous thrombophilia . In:  Bloom AL ,  Forbes CD ,  Thomas DP ,  Tuddenham EGD editor. Haemostasis and Thrombosis . 3rd edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1994;p. 1349–1360
  28. Meade TW , Cooper J , Miller GJ , Howarth D , Stirling Y . Antithrombin III and arterial disease . Lancet . 1991;337:850–851
  29. Tait RC, Walker ID, Islam SIAM, McCall F, Conkie JA, Mitchell R, et al. Influence of demographic factors on antithrombin III activity in a healthy population . Br J Haematol . 1993;84:476–480
  30. Conlan MG, Folsom AR, Finch A, Davis CE, Marcucci G, Sorlie P, et al. Antithrombin III: associations with age, race, sex and cardiovascular disease risk factors . Thromb Haemost . 1994;72:551–556
  31. Tait RC , Walker ID , Islam SIAM , et al.   Protein C activity in healthy volunteers: influence of age, sex, smoking and oral contraceptives . Thromb Haemost . 1993;70:281–285
  32. Conlan MG , Folsom AR , Finch A , Davis CE , Sorlie P , Wu KK . Correlation of plasma protein C levels with cardiovascular risk factors in middle-age adults: the ARIC Study . Thromb Haemost . 1993;70:762–767
  33. Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Woodward M, Morrison CE, Philippou H, Lane DA, et al. Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers: the third Glasgow MONICA survey I. Illustrative reference ranges by age, sex and hormone use . Br J Haematol . 1997;97:775–784
  34. Thögersen AM, Jansson JH, Boman K, Nilsson TK, Weinehall L, Huhtasaari F, et al. High plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue plasminogen activator levels in plasma precede a first acute myocardial infarction in both men and women . Circulation . 1998;98:2241–2247
  35. Wiman B . Predictive value of fibrinolytic factors in coronary heart disease . Scand J Clin Lab Invest . 1999;59:23–31
  36. Scarabin PY , Bonithon-Kopp C , Bara L , Guize L , Samama M . Relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor activity and menopausal status . Fibrinolysis . 1990;4:233–236
  37. Gebara OCE , Mittleman MA , Sutherland P , et al.   Association between increased estrogen status and increased fibrinolytic potential in the Framingham offspring study . Circulation . 1995;91:1952–1958
  38. Sheuer J , Malthora A , Schaible TF , Capasso J . Effects of gonadectomy and hormonal replacement on rat hearts . Circ Res . 1987;61:12–16
  39. Kangro T, Henriksen E, Jonason T, Leppert J, Nilsson H, Sörensen S, et al. Effect of menopause on left ventricular filling in 50-year-old women . Am J Cardiol . 1995;76:1093–1096
  40. Jonas HA , Kronmal RA , Psaty BM , et al.   Current estrogen-progestin and estrogen replacement therapy in elderly women: association with carotid atherosclerosis. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Cardiovascular Health Study . Ann Epidemiol . 1996;6:314–323
  41. Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Shemanski L, Psaty BM, O'Leary DH, Tracy RP, et al. Associations of postmenopausal estrogen use with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in older women. The CHS Collaborative Research Group . Circulation . 1993;88:2163–2171
  42. Herrington DM , Reboussin DM , Brodnihan KB , et al.   Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:522–529
  43. Angerer P , Stork S , Kothny W , Schmitt P , von Schacky C . Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis: a randomized, controlled trial . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2001;21:262–268
  44. Hodis HN , Mack WJ , Lobo RA , et al.   Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Ann Intern Med . 2001;135:939–953
  45. Byington RP , Gurberg CD , Herrington DM , et al.   Effect of estrogen plus progestin on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with heart disease: HERS B-mode substudy . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2002;22:1692–1697
  46. Waters DD , Alderman EL , Hsia J , et al.   Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial . JAMA . 2002;288:2432–2440
  47. Hodis HN , Mack WJ , Azen SP , et al.   Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in post-menopausal women . N Engl J Med . 2003;349:535–545
  48. Grady D , Herrington D , Bittner V , et al.   Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II) . JAMA . 2002;288:49–57
  49. Clarke SC , Kelleher J , Lloyd-Jones H , Slack M , Schodiel PM . A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study . BJOG . 2002;109:1056–1062
  50. Cherry N , Gilmour K , Hnnaford P , et al. , on behalf of the ESPRIT Team    Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo controlled trial . Lancet . 2002;360:2001–2008
  51. Collins P, Flather M, Lees B, Mister R, Proudler AJ, Stevenson JC, et al. Randomized trial of effects of continuous combined HRT on markers of lipids and coagulation in women with acute coronary syndromes: WHISP Pilot Study . Eur Heart J . 2006;27:2046–2053
  52. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial  . Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women . JAMA . 1995;273:199–208
  53. Paganini-Hill A , Dworsky R , Krauss RM . Hormone replacement therapy, hormone levels, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in elderly women . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1996;174:897–902
  54. Chen FP , Lee N , Soong YK . Changes in the lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy . J Reprod Med . 1998;43:568–574
  55. Chen FP , Lee N , Wang CH , Cherng WJ , Soong YK . Effects of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women . Fertil Steril . 1998;69:267–273
  56. Chen FP , Lee N , Soong YK , Huang KE . Comparison of transdermal and oral estrogen-progestin replacement therapy: effects on cardiovascular risk factors . Menopause . 2001;8:347–352
  57. Chen FP , Lee N , Soong YK , Huang KE . Short- and long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women . Chang Gung Med J . 2001;24:431–439
  58. Teng LF , Chen FP , Lee N . Changes in hemostasis and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy: effects of natural and synthetic progestogens . Taiwanese J Obstet Gynecol . 2004;43:80–87
  59. Gebara OCE , Mittleman MA , Sutherland P , et al.   Association between increased estrogen status and increased fibrinolytic potential in the Framingham Offspring Study . Circulation . 1995;91:1952–1958
  60. Gilabert J , Estelles A , Cano A , et al.   The effect of estrogen replacement therapy with or without progestogen on the fibrinolytic system and coagulation inhibitors in post-menopausal status . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1995;173:1849–1854
  61. Shahar E , Folsom AR , Salomaa VV , et al.   Relation of hormone replacement therapy to measures of plasma fibrinolytic activity . Circulation . 1996;93:1970–1975
  62. Miller ME , Dores GM , Thorpe SL , Akerley WL . Paradoxical influence of estrogenic hormone on platelet-endothelial cell interactions . Thromb Res . 1994;74:577–594

PII: S1028-4559(09)60245-X

doi: 10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60245-X

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 287-293 , December 2006